Mechanical engineering all text books pdf

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HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER


   INCROPERA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUEgzVHVQLWFDd2s

   YUNUS CENGEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceWHlDWWlHdEx6aFE

   R. K. RAJPUT- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cebkg2WF91b25DVFE

   P. K. NAG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceaTJoNFpKS0FzblU

   KOTANDARAMAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07dnh5bXk5X0tRV0E

   FRANK KREITH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07UTdOOUpydU51ZWM

   VEDAT S. ARPACI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07TkpDbi1mbnpWUjA

   JOHN LIENHARD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07MGtkTnVMT1FIRFE

   J.P. HOLMAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07cldUV3RqS2ZTN1k

THERMODYNAMICS


   P.K. NAG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceaGttcWo1ek04d1E

   N.D. HARI DASS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgQUxRbFR1Y0x0akk

   R.K. RAJPUT- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgUUpLSGlFY1JWNzA

   CENGEL BOLES- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6v8d0nd8ubpMlY0LWJUM09Tc1E

   SANFORD KLEIN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceWTI2QTBwVkttM0U

   MARK J. ASSAEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceVENpU0p4Mm1yZlE

   BORGNAKKE 8e- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceOTJZMlloUU5ZY2M

   ROBERT BALMER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07X2M3TmtsckUxVmc

   NO AUTHOR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07N3M5TlRtV1N6R1k

   MORAN, SHAPIRO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07QjZfbGRYbzVzYzg

   EASTOP- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQeZFRyRVBkWEU1REU

   Y V C RAO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceRFlKcm5lbER2M3M

   SCHAUMS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgUTRMV1dTc1ZfSUU

   CHIH WU- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5CXzYw2DbwIUHZlZmFUQ0l6ZDQ

   NO AUTHOR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceZE9FcC13d0NRa28

   BILL POIRIER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgMEtJV2FHd2ZKT1U

   ONKAR SINGH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cebmNjUGJJSXdNNXM

   MERLE C. POTTER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgTmMzcUZtbmxfSGc

   CENGEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07cGFMbXU4WkpiWDA

   BORGNAKKE SONNTAG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07bk9ab1k5VmlrYlE

THERMAL ENGINEERING


RK Rajput - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S0Hy8FoMC6IYWoCeN8GNg-PEPGwMT3ig/view?usp=sharing 

FLUID MECHANICS


   CROWE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceMklKTlRMSUlPakE

   S.K. SOM, BISWAS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceNU81TXgtZlJqNDg

   RUSSELL HENKE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceX3doTzlFalJ1Rjg

   LISTER ROBINSON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceY2RQYk43eW9Pa3c

   KOTHANDARAMAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceS282WkN3ZDhGZDA

   FRANK M. WHITE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B-IbNSAhk4D2dFh4NmZySXJCSGs

   MODI & SETH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceSjZfa0thV05BUW8

   BERNARD MASSEY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUkpJeFl0dkljTk0

   BARNA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceRnQwMXhFUFZPekk

   ZOED HUSAIN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgQlhOalVRaUhvcUU

   SCHAUMS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgR2xvcld6a2VmRmc

   KAMINSKI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07MnZYUE9Ia1QxbDg

   MEINHARD SCHOBEIRI-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0ByxdTFrVdYn6SVFJanhWamZFWTQ

   CENGEL, CIMBALA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B0-N9SbCFhV8UXhDNmN5R19BT28

   ANDREW PERR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceSW1kSGFYcWN1dFU

   ELGER, CROWE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgaGhYT0Z1S2FqUkk

   SCHAUMS 2500 PROBLEM-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_D0IK3ctIYZd0QxbXhNWE1uakE

   NAKAYAMA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgdFp6WVlJS05LOW8

   KUNDU, COHEN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgQ09OdWxGUklTbXc

   R.K. TURTON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07VlRlR2ZmV3JYUVU

   GRANT INGRAM- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07bUNmcUdsSVdlR1E

   S.L. DIXON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07V3plLWNsX1dfaGM

   CARL SCHASCHKE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07R014SFAybmpFdFE

   MUNSON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07ZlA2ZFA4Mk5sMW8

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS


   BHAVIKATTI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0ByxdTFrVdYn6TDhwTjZFUW9ZblU

   RILEY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceOGd5SFFWbFI2b1E

   JAMES GERE, GOODNO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceQjItY2drX3Fic00

   JAMES GERE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUFB0eWNfNmZXdHc

   SURYA PATNAIK- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0ByxdTFrVdYn6QjEzT0VrTnRUR1U

   TIMOSHENKO & YOUNG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B0-N9SbCFhV8VHhuaXFxOGJ6U2s

   BEER & JOHNSTON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07ME81c1VFZTFtVEk

   JOHNSTON & BEER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQec2g2TjRHdWQwZG8

   JAMES BOYD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceNC12Wk84SVA2Nmc
   MERRIMAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceZDlERDRfWHZ3U00

   R.K. BANSAL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4E5MzDPRFhXQTlrMjZxQm44eXM

   TIMOSHENKO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceV1AwaUxPd29GTzQ

   TIMOSHENKO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceb2kza0N4MTM1Wjg

   WILLIAM A. NASH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0ByxdTFrVdYn6ZndXdXFoT1ZoYjQ

   PYTEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0ByxdTFrVdYn6eGRHN2cyWms1ajA

   VITOR DIAS SILVA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQeb0otcE9JZktoVWM

   SCHAUM- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgUGpLMEFwSGhFMFE

   JOHN CASE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgTUlqMXAtS19fTHM

   G.H. RYDER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4E5MzDPRFhXVVdZLUI1NS0tOEU

   WARREN C. YOUNG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgQVZFMnB2bWJpVFk

   IRVING LEVINSON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceaHVWS2tQTGt1Wjg

   MADHUKAR VABLE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgbUVkRzRjdUhvUDA

   R.C. HIBBELER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bz1DIiCmeXhzMW1fRW93OFdYTGM

   E.J. HEARN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUDJGem1WeWh4TWs

MECHANICS


   TIMOSHENKO & YOUNG-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceTnBneXhzRV96dWs

   WILLIAM OSGOOD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceSVJ0Rk83OGRoVmc

   KEITH SYMON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceY1A0TDNiQ1NOb0U

   G J TROUP- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceVndXaXQ1ZkZKREU

   LANDAU- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceQ0lqdzZ1SERWb3M

   M. KRAIGE-DYNAMICS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceSUZLaEYyNDRGMWs

   MERIAM KRAIGE-STATIC-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceRjBJQjd1UTVmNHM

   R.S. KHURMI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceQ1o1OE83WEtOTk0

MANUFACTURING


   MIKELL P. GROOVER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07M1F1Nm92TEUzczA

   KALPAKJIAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5CXzYw2DbwIR1FlMW9hMkpQV0k

   H.N. GUPTA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQedmZjQWhJYXBjYlk

   THOMAS CHILDS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07aXUtT1RYTFR0YWs

   HASSAN ABDEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceeUZVdVM1UmhxYnM

   U.K. SINGH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgcWw4ZlN1aWhwUkE

   IIT KHARAGPUR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceTUJFUjJycE5aR00

   HUGH JACK- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07cmVDcG1xd0UxZWc

   RAJENDER SINGH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07NllHWUF0Z01URkU

   HASSAN ABDEL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07NVdOanhSRm5PYW8
   P.C. PANDEY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cec0d0X2I0eFBVemc

   SINDO KOU- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07Vjd2ZExMZFpvN2s

INDUSTRIAL AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH


   O.P. KHANNA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceclJ2RkN2d1I2S1U

   S. ANIL KUMAR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgZ2hLc0sxa0lLdGc

   MURTHY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgYmUzV3l3YTNNX3M

   JAY HEIZER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgSk1rRXhiQTE0dnc

   WAYNE L. WINSTON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgUTdjWVpkSm5TdUk

   R. KESAVAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgNVBnMXNDS2Q4ams

   HILLIER LIEBERMAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceb1pRNGFrMlNLN1E

   HAMDY A. TAHA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceeGNMVkJXTXE0amc

   REID- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceNjlPYi1NaUdtWEE

REFRIGERATION


   TROTT, WELCH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07VWNrLVNkRXpyUmM

   REX MILLER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07Q3VwSlBxMFd0Vjg

   NO AUTHOR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceTC0ycVVMX3RxSGs

POWER PLANT


   A.K. RAJA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3h0CpWCkxWARmtUSWg4eWtEakU

MACHINE DESIGN


   SHIGLEY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07WGFSTk8tcGhRVm8

   V.B. BHANDARI (Complete)-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B0x70tiTtCGyN3BIc2JQOVllRlE

   T.A. STOLARSKI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07Nld0NVJXMFNKbVE

   BHANDARI OBJECTIVE-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceVFdfek1Dc01kWnM

   DATA BOOK- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cecjRoWlI0MzdER28

   R.S. KHURMI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3h0CpWCkxWALTk4T3k5d1hXekU

   THOMAS H. BROWN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgSnZYQTdwaWtWRFk

   BORIS M. KLEBANOV- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07bEVaSE5uT3VFUTQ

THEORY OF MACHINES


   R.S. KHURMI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceenF2RC01alpjNlk

   JOSEPH SHIGLEY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceTmRVU0RJOU03UVk

   DAVID H. MYSZKA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07RmRYTjNzM2RQZ2s

   OLEG VINOGREDOV- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgNzlLekNQR0V5aFE

   NEIL SCLATER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07SVgyYmN2WUdsUU0
   ROBERT L. NORTON- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07bHVzUHNMY0ZVNUE

   B.B. LOW- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceczFEZTdSYTBQZ1U

AUTOMOBILE & I. C. ENGINE


   JOSEPH HEITNER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cecmZPWUNWZ3dpVFk

   JOSEPH HEITNER- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceOUFZN2EzaUc1dm8

   WILLIAM H. CROUSE- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceeE8teGJxa1NwSjQ

   R.K. RAJPUT- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceQUdXTl8zTmZjX1U

   ENCYCLOPEDIA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4cecTFYSGFtZVVOX0E

   REIMPELL- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUGpyYjhKbk14MG8

   JULIAN HAPPIAN SMITH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQec3hXUlN4a01jdm8

   WILLARD PULKRABEK- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgeXVLUW9aQ1JoNm8

   H.N. GUPTA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceenJ1UkNnSUNkUFE

   ALEXANDER A. STOTSKY-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQebjFtXzNSZFJjTFU

   JOHN B. HEYWOOD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUE1iLWxmTW9rbkU

   BRIAN CANTOR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07TXcxa1RibzViWXM

   DAVID A. CROLLA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceNFR2emVyaDE5cmc

MATERIAL SCIENCE


   SMALLMAN, BISHOP- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07QzJaZVpaeXBPOFU

   JOHN MARTIN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07VmRGQVR4OVludVU

   WILLIAM D. CALLISTER-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07S2drblpiZnpDTTA

   DONALD R. ASKELAND- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07c01lNTNkbVAyczA

   WILLIAM F. HOSFORD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceZkUzVldhQ2JGbkU

   MICHAEL F. ASHBY 1- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgVE9hNkhhMlUyN3c

   S.L. KAKANI- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceWFZtVTNxM0VNZkk

   MICHAEL F. ASHBY 2- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceZGV1emR3QjYteDg

VIBRATION


   ALOK SINHA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgMFF1ZzZXVGtLZHc

   V.P. SINGH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceU1M5V0Qtejl4VUU

   WILLIAM J. BOTTEGA- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQeMFowVzhSa2s0Rnc

   LEONARD MEIROVITCH-https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4SQTWiEAAQeQnFNZmoxTTFsUUk

   S. GRAHAM KELLY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgTlktR0hNRTBhdkU

   B. BALACHANDRAN- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgYXBwc2szNVQ4LTg

   C.F. BEARDS- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6pGoYzCs7PgMENHa2lOSEpreTQ

   S. S. RAO- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07Uk1CNVF2TG5DdXc
   SCHAUM- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7JWdKw_4Q07ZnZVYURuWTJnNTQ

MATHEMATICS


   B.S. GREWAL 42e- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceMDk2cXJPUlBmX0k

   ERWIN KREYSZIG- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxfvgkx0X-VocDF2emlfQ1BUMEk

   JOHN BIRD- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceOVpNQ1pybFMxRmc

   SCHAUM- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceOWRBcHAtQjMxYnc

   ALAN JEFFREY- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceS3pqMHlZMFktM1U

   GANESH- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUFpWbm9iR3J5TlU

METROLOGY


   NO AUTHOR- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceUmZsbWVhamh5Tk0

   EXAMPLES- https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9bpsTYXP4ceV1c3UC0tekR1MzQ


Comments

  1. Amaram Aravind Reddy2 May 2018 at 23:23

    The second half part is not showing direct link. Kindly copy it and paste it in browser to download a specific book.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Unknown21 July 2018 at 12:28

    I need books on Hydraulics and Pneumatics...Please can you upload it....

    ReplyDelete
  3. Unknown7 April 2019 at 11:40

    when clicking on pk nag books its showing error

    ReplyDelete
  4. Unknown20 July 2019 at 02:14

    Unable to access the document

    ReplyDelete
  5. Raj Sharma5 August 2020 at 09:38

    Industrial Training Institute in Noida

    ReplyDelete
  6. Sajjad Ahmed13 October 2020 at 00:33

    Nice Blog. Thanks for sharing with us. Such amazing information.

    Is an MBA after engineering a good option?

    ReplyDelete
  7. College Disha7 September 2021 at 23:01

    This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  8. College Disha7 September 2021 at 23:03

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    ReplyDelete
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  10. moggaFceneBaltimore30 November 2022 at 04:02

    scomasOterpe Barbara Jones There
    This is there
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What are the reasons for bending / bulking of connecting rods?

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The connecting rod connects the pistons to the crankshaft. It converts the linear motion of the pistons to the rotary motion of the crankshaft. On every stroke, the connecting rod is stretched and compressed. This pressure, plus other factors, can cause the connecting rod to bend. Some of the reasons for bending or bulking of connecting rod Hydrolock Hydrolock is a deformation of the connecting rod caused when water gets into the piston chamber. This usually happens after the car has been driven through deep water such as a flooded street.  Liquid will not compress like a fuel and air mixture so the only thing that can happen is the rod will bend as the piston is stopped prematurely at the top of the stroke.  If only a little water gets into the cylinder the car makes a knocking or tapping sound and it can be repaired (have the water taken out and the gaskets replaced), but if enough water gets in the cylinder that it takes up all the space available at spark time, th
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Why do trains (Locomotives) does not have differential ?

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Differential gear , in automotive mechanics,  gear  arrangement that permits power from the engine to be transmitted to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between them but permitting them to follow paths of different lengths, as when turning a corner or  traversing  an uneven road. On a straight road the wheels rotate at the same speed; when turning a corner the outside  wheel  has farther to go and will turn faster than the inner wheel if unrestrained. Take a look at these wheels: ​ If you throw these two pictures at someone and ask them which part of the wheel keeps the train on the tracks, they would probably tell you that the flange is what keeps the wheels on tracks. That's only a half-told story at best.   Flanges are only a fail-safe mechanism. Main Mechanism Here is the main mechanism and it is brilliant. ​ Suppose the track turns left. The train’s right wheels now have to travel more than the left wheels because at t
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Why I - Section used for connecting rods and railway rails?

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What is an I-beam? An I-beam, also known as H-beam, W-beam (for "wide flange"), Universal Beam (UB), Rolled Steel Joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German), is a beam with an I or H-shaped cross-section. The horizontal elements of the "I" are known as flanges, while the vertical element is termed the web. I-beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in construction and civil engineering. Why do we use I Beam, instead of rectangular beam? On the left side we have a simple rectangular beam, whereas on the left hand side on the above image, we have an I section beam. The question that is most commonly asked as to why do I section beam most frequently used in construction as compared to simple rectangular beam. And also why only I beam is used and not a beam of any other shape. When a beam is subjected to stresses, the outer layer is compressed, with the inner one undergo tension. The m
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Why can't we use a single big cylinder instead of multiple cylinders in an Engine?

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          Pic Credits: Smart Mechanicals                            Some of the probable Reasons to avoid single cylinder.. 1. Unbalance and vibrations are produced due to high inertia caused when a larger mass is reciprocating at high speeds. 2. The power obtained is intermittent , since there is only one power cycle outof four strokes in the entire engine. In case of Mutli cylinder engine the power produced is continuous since there is atleast one power cycle in one cylinder out of multi cylinder. 3. A heavy flywheel is required to store the energy and  supply it to next 3 cycles, since power is produced in only single cycle. 4. Single cylinder occupy more space to produce same power of that multi cylinders. 5. More starting torque is required to start the engine. 6.  Engine Speed : lesser the reciprocating mass - the engine can operate at higher speeds 7.  Volumetric efficiency  - The amount of air going into a cylinder determines the amount of p
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Why most of the propeller shafts are hollow? Does hollow shaft have more strength than solid shaft?

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A hollow shaft has greater strength and stiffness than a solid shaft of equal weight. So most of the propeller shafts are hollow. The strength of a shaft implies the maximum torque it can transmit. It depends on Torsional rigidity of the shaft since it renders the stiffness to the shaft. Torsional rigidity is defined as the torque required to produce a twist of one radian per unit length of the shaft. and by torsional formula: T/(θ/L)=GJ=Torsional rigidity. So, Stiffness and hence strength is proportional to J which is: by maths, less for solid shaft. Stress distribution of solid vs hollow shaft. Hollow shafts are much better to take torsional loads compared to solid shafts. As shown in the figure, shear stress in a “shaft subjected to torsion” varies linearly from zero at the center to the maximum at the boundary. But Inside a solid shaft, most of the material experiences / carries a shear stress whose value is much below the maximum shear stress [Interior
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How balls of ball point pen is manufactured?

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Most of the times steel wires are used as raw material which is fed to forming machine which has spherical shaped dies. Step followed for manufacturing 1. Forming by Heading 2. Flashing 3. Heat treatment 4. Grinding 5. Lapping 6. Washing 7.Precision and NDT testing This wire is fed from a roll into a machine that cuts off a short piece, and then smashes both ends in toward the middle. This process is called cold heading. Process is explained through following figures          The steel wire is fed into spherical shaped dies                             And a spherical ball is produced Flashing is a process of removing uneven burrs and surfaces  Heat treatment is done to increase the hardness of the steel balls. Precision grinding is done to improve surface finish further Then lapping is performed to produce mirror like surface finish In the same way different sizes of balls can be manufactured for different uses. Clos
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What is the use of parallel lines on rear glass of car?

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 It is called as  defroster . Usually there’s a switch on the dash to turn on the system and it will run for a specified time then turn off automatically.  There may be an icon on the dash or the switch itself illuminates when the rear window defroster is operating. The amount of heat produced by the grid is relatively low …just enough to raise the temperature to evaporate any dew or melt any ice …so it’s not like you’re gonna burn your hand if you touch the glass while the system is working. It is just same as the Defogger used by us when there is mist on the windshield. The grid lines are made up of resistive conductors in or on the glass, generally they are very fine wires that are baked or sometimes embedded onto the inside of glass surface. In these lines when current is passed, due to resistance the glass heats up and removes the mist so that the driver get a clear view in the rear view mirror .
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Why stones are layed in switchyard or in power stations?

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Reasons for using Stones in Switchboard Yard / Substation : Power Transformers installed in the substations will have oil as cooling and insulating medium.Oil leakage takes place during operation or when changing the oil in the transformer. ... So Stones is provided to protect from fire when oil spillage takes place. View of Technical :  1.To avoid rain water to stand on ground, to prevent the growth of grasses & plants,growth of plants & grass near the yard cause will create the short circuit . 2.The most important point to avoid step potential and touch potential to rise.where step potential is potential between human body & touch is potential between human body & equipments.  3. keep the moisture always bottom  of the stone to reduce the earth  resistance
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